Master of Social Work Core Competencies

Competency #1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior

Social workers understand the value base of the profession and its ethical standards, as well as relevant laws and regulations that may impact practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Social workers understand frameworks of ethical decision-making and how to apply principles of critical thinking to those frameworks in practice, research, and policy arenas. Social workers recognize personal values and the distinction between personal and professional values. They also understand how their personal experiences and affective reactions influence their professional judgment and behavior. Social workers understand the profession’s history, its mission, and the roles and responsibilities of the profession. Social Workers also understand the role of other professions when engaged in inter-professional teams. Social workers recognize the importance of life-long learning and are committed to continually updating their skills to ensure they are relevant and effective. Social workers also understand emerging forms of technology and the ethical use of technology in social work practice.

Social workers:

1.1 Make ethical decisions by applying the standards of the NASW Code of Ethics, relevant laws and regulations, models for ethical decision-making, ethical conduct of research, and additional codes of ethics as appropriate to context;

1.2 Use reflection and self-regulation to manage personal values and maintain professionalism in practice situations;

1.3 Demonstrate professional demeanor in behavior; appearance; and oral, written, and electronic communication;

1.4 Use technology ethically and appropriately to facilitate practice outcomes; and

1.5 Use supervision and consultation to guide professional judgment and behavior.

Competency #2: Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice

Social workers understand how diversity and difference characterize and shape the human experience and are critical to the formation of identity. The dimensions of diversity are understood as the intersectionality of multiple factors including but not limited to age, class, color, culture, disability and ability, ethnicity, gender, gender identity and expression, immigration status, marital status, political ideology, race, religion/spirituality, sex, sexual orientation, and tribal sovereign status. Social workers understand that, as a consequence of difference, a person’s life experiences may include oppression, poverty, marginalization, and alienation as well as privilege, power, and acclaim. Social workers also understand the forms and mechanisms of oppression and discrimination and recognize the extent to which a culture’s structures and values, including social, economic, political, and cultural exclusions, may oppress, marginalize, alienate, or create privilege and power.

Social workers:

 2.1 Apply and communicate understanding of the importance of diversity and difference in shaping life experiences in practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels;

2.2 Present themselves as learners and engage clients and constituencies as experts of their own experiences; and

2.3 Apply self-awareness and self-regulation to manage the influence of personal biases and values in working with diverse clients and constituencies.

Competency #3: Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice

Social workers understand that every person regardless of position in society has fundamental human rights such as freedom, safety, privacy, an adequate standard of living, health care, and education. Social workers understand the global interconnections of oppression and human rights violations, and are knowledgeable about theories of human need and social justice and strategies to promote social and economic justice and human rights. Social workers understand strategies designed to eliminate oppressive structural barriers to ensure that social goods, rights, and responsibilities are distributed equitably and that civil, political, environmental, economic, social, and cultural human rights are protected.

Social workers:

3.1 Apply their understanding of social, economic, and environmental justice to advocate for human rights at the individual and system levels; and

3.2 Engage in practices that advance social, economic, and environmental justice.

Competency #4: Engage In Practice-informed Research and Research-informed Practice

Social workers understand quantitative and qualitative research methods and their respective roles in advancing a science of social work and in evaluating their practice. Social workers know the principles of logic, scientific inquiry, and culturally informed and ethical approaches to building knowledge. Social workers understand that evidence that informs practice derives from multi-disciplinary sources and multiple ways of knowing. They also understand the processes for translating research findings into effective practice.

Social workers:

4.1 Use practice experience and theory to inform scientific inquiry and research;

4.2 Apply critical thinking to engage in analysis of quantitative and qualitative research methods and research findings; and

4.3 Use and translate research evidence to inform and improve practice, policy, and service delivery.

Competency #5: Engage in Policy Practice

Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation.

Social workers:

5.1 Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;

5.2 Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;

5.3 Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.

Competency #6: Engage with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Social workers understand that engagement is an ongoing component of the dynamic and interactive process of social work practice with, and on behalf of, diverse individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers value the importance of human relationships. Social workers understand theories of human behavior and the social environment, and critically evaluate and apply this knowledge to facilitate engagement with clients and constituencies, including individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers understand strategies to engage diverse clients and constituencies to advance practice effectiveness. Social workers understand how their personal experiences and affective reactions may impact their ability to effectively engage with diverse clients and constituencies. Social workers value principles of relationship-building and inter-professional collaboration to facilitate engagement with clients, constituencies, and other professionals as appropriate.

Social workers:

6.1 Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in-environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks to engage with clients and constituencies; and

6.2 Use empathy, reflection, and interpersonal skills to effectively engage diverse clients and constituencies.

Competency #7: Assess Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Social workers understand that assessment is an ongoing component of the dynamic and interactive process of social work practice with, and on behalf of, diverse individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers understand theories of human behavior and the social environment, and critically evaluate and apply this knowledge in the assessment of diverse clients and constituencies, including individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers understand methods of assessment with diverse clients and constituencies to advance practice effectiveness. Social workers recognize the implications of the larger practice context in the assessment process and value the importance of inter-professional collaboration in this process. Social workers understand how their personal experiences and affective reactions may affect their assessment and decision-making.

Social workers:

7.1 Collect and organize data, and apply critical thinking to interpret information from clients and constituencies;

7.2 Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in-environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in the analysis of assessment data from clients and constituencies;

7.3 Develop mutually agreed-on intervention goals and objectives based on the critical assessment of strengths, needs, and challenges within clients and constituencies; and

7.4 Select appropriate intervention strategies based on the assessment, research knowledge, and values and preferences of clients and constituencies.

Competency #8: Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Social workers understand that intervention is an ongoing component of the dynamic and interactive process of social work practice with, and on behalf of, diverse individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers are knowledgeable about evidence-informed interventions to achieve the goals of clients and constituencies, including individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers understand theories of human behavior and the social environment, and critically evaluate and apply this knowledge to effectively intervene with clients and constituencies. Social workers understand methods of identifying, analyzing and implementing evidence-informed interventions to achieve client and constituency goals. Social workers value the importance of inter-professional teamwork and communication in interventions, recognizing that beneficial outcomes may require interdisciplinary, inter-professional, and inter-organizational collaboration.

Social workers:

8.1 Critically choose and implement interventions to achieve practice goals and enhance capacities of clients and constituencies;

8.2 Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in-environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in interventions with clients and constituencies;

8.3 Use inter-professional collaboration as appropriate to achieve beneficial practice outcomes;

8.4 Negotiate, mediate, and advocate with and on behalf of diverse clients and constituencies; and

8.5 Facilitate effective transitions and endings that advance mutually agreed-on goals.

Competency #9: Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Social workers understand that evaluation is an ongoing component of the dynamic and interactive process of social work practice with, and on behalf of, diverse individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities. Social workers recognize the importance of evaluating processes and outcomes to advance practice, policy, and service delivery effectiveness. Social workers understand theories of human behavior and the social environment, and critically evaluate and apply this knowledge in evaluating outcomes. Social workers understand qualitative and quantitative methods for evaluating outcomes and practice effectiveness.

Social workers:

9.1 Select and use appropriate methods for evaluation of outcomes;

9.2 Apply knowledge of human behavior and the social environment, person-in-environment, and other multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in the evaluation of outcomes;

9.3 Critically analyze, monitor, and evaluate intervention and program processes and outcomes; and

9.4 Apply evaluation findings to improve practice effectiveness at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels.

Competency 1:  Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior

Practitioners in healthcare understand frameworks of ethical decision making and laws and regulations that impact healthcare practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. They know how to apply critical thinking to those frameworks in the practice, research, and policy arenas. Practitioners in health settings respect the worth, dignity, and integrity of all people with acute and chronic health conditions across the life span and advocate for self-determination, autonomy, access to services, and the ethical use of technology. They recognize ethical issues in evidence-based practice and apply frameworks for decision-making that support the needs and right of individuals with health conditions and their families. To ensure ethical practice, they use self-reflection and self-regulation, supervision, and consultation to address how their personal experiences, affective reactions, and attitudes and biases about individuals and communities coping with health problems may influence their personal and professional values and behaviors. Practitioners in healthcare settings serve as inter-professional team members to ensure ethical care for individuals and populations coping with health issues. They understand the roles and responsibilities of their team members from diverse health-related professions. They are committed to continually updating their skills and knowledge to ensure they are relevant and effective for specialized practice in healthcare. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the values of service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence.

Practitioners in healthcare:

1.1 Make ethical decisions by applying critical thinking and taking into consideration the values and standards of the NASW Code of Ethics and laws and regulations and models for ethical decision-making relevant to health-related practice and research at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels;

1.2 Use self-reflection and self-regulation, supervision, and consultation to manage personal values and maintain professionalism in healthcare practice situations, especially with regard to health-related stigma and oppression;

1.3 Ensure ethical healthcare for individuals and populations through advocacy and leadership as members of inter-professional teams and within the health and social service communities;

1.4 Choose and support the use of effective technology-mediated tools and practices that promote health and health equity in healthcare delivery and population and health programs and policies;

1.5 Maintain competence in evolving evidence-based knowledge and skills for health diagnoses and treatment and laws and policies relevant to health to ensure ongoing effectiveness for practice in health settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels;

1.6 Work within one’s knowledge base and competence, having self-knowledge of one’s limitations and the need for new knowledge and skills and consultation;

1.7 Remain within one’s scope of practice in all care situations while maintaining integrity and being true to oneself as a social worker following ethics and core social work values.

1.8 Engage with patients and clients fully and responsibly with regard to having the needed medical knowledge, a careful biopsychosocial-spiritual assessment, and an ethical decision making process;

1.9 Engage with patients and clients recognizing and promoting the dignity and worth of the person as an individual at every instance and approaching every situation as new situation even when medical profiles appear similar to others;

1.10 Engage with the value of service, unveiling obstacles to needed care and helping patients and clients to navigate through barriers—psychological, instrumental, and organizational—such that access is made possible;

Competency 2:  Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice

Practitioners in healthcare understand that cultural diversity and difference can influence the conceptualization and expression of illness and, as a consequence, patient- and community-centered healthcare requires working from a position of cultural humility and careful attention to the application of professional values and ethics in all health-related decision-making. They understand that among people with socially marginalized identities, including those whose identities are based on intersecting social group memberships, a person with a health condition may experience stigma, barriers to access to appropriate and timely care, and increased economic, social, and/or environmental marginalization both subtle and overt. They also understand how the manifestation of health conditions may accentuate how a culture’s structures and values oppress, marginalize, alienate, or create privilege and power. With these understandings, they practice with deliberate consideration of diversity and difference in their work to promote health and health equity with individual patients, caregivers, groups, and communities. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the values of dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, and competence.

Practitioners in healthcare:

2.1 Assess and address the cultural and spiritual histories, values, and beliefs of clients and communities coping with health problems;

2.2 Apply cultural humility with an active process of self-awareness and self-regulation to manage the influence of stigma and bias when working with individuals, families, groups and communities coping with health conditions;

2.3 Analyze how diversity and oppression affect patients or clients coping with health issues and their constituencies, such as families, schools, workplaces and spiritual organizations, and communities;

2.4 Evaluate and take into consideration the intersection of health conditions with other dimensions of diversity in order to provide effective and culturally sensitive healthcare to all individuals, families, groups, organizations and individuals;

2.5 Assume leadership roles on inter-professional clinical healthcare teams and in community and policy advocacy efforts to ensure respect for diversity and difference and positive and meaningful outcomes from the viewpoint of the individual or population targeted.

2.6 Promote patients’ and clients’ dignity and worth in every illness and healthcare situation through respect for individual diversity characteristics and differences.

Competency 3:  Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice

Practitioners in healthcare work to advance human rights and social, economic and environmental justice for clients and communities coping with health problems. They understand the global interconnections of oppression and human rights violations related to healthcare access. They are committed to acting as advocates to promote equitable and effective access to healthcare for diverse clients and communities. They engage and support individuals and groups to become effective advocates for their own human rights. They understand and implement strategies to eliminate discriminatory structural barriers within systems of care. They critically analyze how policies and programs promote health and health equity or perpetuate health disparities and exclusion. As members of interprofessional teams, they engage and lead other disciplines to recognize health disparities and structural barriers to health and ensure the rights of clients and constituents coping with health problems. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the values of social justice, dignity and worth of the person, service, and integrity.

Practitioners in healthcare: 

3.1 Advocate for health and health equity as a human right for individuals and communities coping with health conditions, pursing the values of service and social justice;

3.2 Work to reduce health disparities and eliminate structural barriers in systems of healthcare including discriminatory health policies for clients and communities;

3.3 Engage and support individuals, their families, groups, and communities coping with health conditions to become effective advocates for their own human rights;

3.4 Assume leadership roles in inter-professional clinical healthcare teams and in community and policy advocacy efforts to promote equitable access to healthcare and protection of human rights.

3.5 Behave in a trustworthy manner with patients, clients, and other professionals, with integrity and focus on ensuring that ethical principles and standards are met.

Competency 4:  Engage in Practice-informed Research and Research-informed Practice

This competency is central to the specialization in healthcare given the importance of both available scientific knowledge bases and community-based sources of knowledge, and the need to integrate these to advance human rights and social justice. This competency focuses the curriculum on evidence-based practice as client- and community-centered processes. Students will use the research skills developed in the foundation course to engage in a process of integrating evidence into practice in a manner that is effective and sensitive to clients’ preferences and backgrounds. Students will use their research and critical analysis skills to evaluate evidence and develop practice models that incorporate clinical and community expertise. They will also use their research and critical analysis skills to develop research that incorporates clinical and community expertise. In addition to a focus on evidence-based practice, this competency provides numerous opportunities in the curriculum to review and apply evidence related to specific diversity groups coping with specific health problems across the life span.

Practitioners in healthcare understand research methods that can be used to produce evidence in support of achieving effective, equitable, and culturally sensitive healthcare services. They in health settings integrate research and the use of scientific evidence into their practice by translating and implementing evidence and evidence-based practices to inform assessment and treatment decision-making, as well as by using rigorous evaluation methods to inform practice at the client, program, and community levels. They identify critical gaps and promote the adoption of evidence-based practices in organizations working with clients coping with health problems. They also apply their own and colleagues’ clinical expertise and systematically gather evidence of effective community-based healthcare and health promotion practices to continuously guide and improve research and practice. They are also guided in their use of evidence by relevant theories, especially systems theory, and empirically-based conceptual models, such as stages of change and harm reduction, and the knowledge base of clients and their communities. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote social justice, competence, and the dignity and worth of the person.

Practitioners in healthcare:

4.1. Understand and build knowledge for improving health and well-being for clients and communities by systematically using both clinical and community-based research methods and knowledge bases;

4.2 Apply, adapt, and translate evidence-based practices for diverse populations coping with health problems;

4.3 Work closely with individual clients and groups and communities to promote incorporation of their sources of knowledge into healthcare research and practice;

4.4 Assume a leadership role in promoting practice- and community-informed research to contribute to a science of social work that is effective, equitable, and respectful of diverse communities.

Competency 5:  Engage in Policy Practice

Practitioners in healthcare understand how an array of polices at the local, state, national and global levels influence the design, delivery and availability of health services. They understand the history and current structures of healthcare policies and services, the role of policy in service design and delivery, and the role of practice in healthcare policy development. They understand policy areas such as patient rights and healthcare access, which are human rights and social justice issues, and end-of-life decisions and advanced directives, among others. They apply critical thinking to analyze the effects of policy on individuals, families, groups, and communities facing health problems and health disparities. They engage in policy practice at micro, mezzo and macro levels and work to enhance the capacity of individuals and constituents to expand their access to the intended benefits of health and social policies. They have skills for formulating arguments for diverse constituents and using the evidence base to support policy making to optimize health and health equity of all individuals and communities. They also know how to engage with stakeholders and coalitions to address key healthcare policy issues. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote service, social justice, competence, and the dignity and worth of the person.

Practitioners in healthcare:

5.1 Educate clients, their constituents, stakeholders, and coalitions about health and social policies that influence health and behavioral health systems;

5.2 Apply critical thinking and knowledge of the evidence base to analyze and formulate health and social policies that promote health equity and eliminate health disparities;

5.3 Advocate for health and social policies from local to the international level that enhance service delivery, access, and receipt of care in healthcare settings for diverse populations.

Competency 6:  Engage with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Practitioners in healthcare know how to engage with individuals and their families and promote their involvement in the prevention and treatment process and systems of care. They know how to apply a strengths-based approach and systems theory to identify appropriate levels of engagement beyond the individual or family, such as with support and treatment groups, social service and health organizations, and diverse communities. They understand the effect that health conditions and medical and psychosocial treatments have on individuals and families and are able to engage respectfully and with culturally humility. They engage in a manner that is sensitive and responsive to diverse clients and constituencies and their family, social and organizational structures. They are skilled in relationship-building and inter-professional collaboration to facilitate engagement with clients, constituencies and other professionals to maximize the effectiveness of health treatments and promotion efforts. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the importance of human relationships, the dignity and worth of the person, integrity, service, and competence.

Practitioners in healthcare:

6.1 Apply knowledge of health conditions and treatment to engage individuals, their families, and other constituents in treatment and services at the appropriate level of care;

6.2 Design and implement engagement strategies from a standpoint of cultural humility and based on culturally appropriate and evidence-based constructs of wellness and health in work with individuals, their families, and communities;

6.3 Use relationship-building skills, collaborative skills, strength-based, and systems theory to engage individuals and families in appropriate levels of care and groups, organizations and communities in health promotion, intervention and advocacy;

6.4 Engage appropriate systems-of-care, including interprofessional teams, and community organizations and resources in collaborating together to maximize treatment effectiveness for clients and their families.

Competency 7:  Assess Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Practitioners in healthcare use strengths- and evidence-based approaches within a systems framework to effectively assess individuals and constituents coping with health conditions and health needs. They select and adapt appropriate assessment tools, methods, and technology to ensure their validity, meaningfulness, and effectiveness with diverse, vulnerable, and at-risk groups. They critically assess evidence related to medical and psychosocial treatment choices for health conditions and effectively communicate the information to individuals and their families. They also apply strengths- and evidence-based approaches to assess groups, organizations and communities. At all levels of work (micro, mezzo and macro) social workers approach assessment as a collaborative effort and with cultural humility; they share knowledge with (such as practice evidence and theoretical practice frameworks) and also gather knowledge from and together with clients and constituents. They are skilled in working with inter-professional teams in the assessment process. They have awareness of their personal experiences and affective reactions to health conditions and limit how these affect their assessment and decision-making. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the importance of human relationships, the dignity and worth of the person, integrity, service, and competence.

Practitioners in healthcare:

7.1 Use and adapt evidence-based assessment tools, methods, and technology to collect and organize data from clients to diagnose or support existing diagnoses;

7.2 Gather information from clients and constituencies coping with health conditions using a strengths approach and within a framework of cultural humility;

7.3 Collect and organize data related to medical diagnoses and health assessments from medical and other specialized settings;

7.4 Conduct individual, family, group, organization and community assessments collaboratively within a process of knowledge sharing regarding health needs and challenges, illness manifestations and conceptualizations, intervention outcomes, and forms of treatments;

7.5 Conduct assessments with inter-professional teams, including applying standardized assessment methods that facilitate inter-professional collaboration;

Competency 8:  Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Practitioners in healthcare intervene with individuals and their families in health practice settings to promote health and empower them, with the participation of family and community resources, to manage their acute or chronic conditions and address any structural barriers that prevent health management and recovery. They intervene with groups, organizations, and communities in health promotion and advocacy and policy practice to reduce structural barriers to healthcare and health disparities. They are knowledgeable about and critically analyze and adapt, when necessary, evidence-based interventions and emerging practices that build on a comprehensive assessment of health conditions for a specific patient, or group or community. They engage client systems (individual, family, groups, organizations and communities) in a collaborative treatment or community intervention process, identifying relevant evidence-based practices and translating and implementing them jointly. They are thus able to identify appropriate evidence-based interventions and translate and implement them collaboratively with different client systems. They know how to collaborate with interprofessional treatment teams to provide coordinated medical and psychosocial interventions. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the importance of human relationships, the dignity and worth of the person, integrity, service, and competence.

Practitioners in healthcare:

8.1 Identify appropriate evidence-based interventions and translate and implement interventions to achieve health and health equity for client systems;

8.2 Work with client systems with sensitivity to their preferences, values, and culturally based conceptualizations of illness to achieve successful participation in health interventions;

8.3 Monitor the intervention process and modify the intervention collaboratively to respond to individual, family, group, organizational, and community needs and challenges as they arise.

8.4 Collaborate with and participate in interprofessional treatment teams across multiple systems-of-care as appropriate to achieve beneficial health outcomes;

Competency 9:  Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

Practitioners in healthcare understand the importance of evaluating intervention processes and outcomes to ensure beneficial outcomes for clients and to advance healthcare practice, policy, and service delivery effectiveness. They consider clients and constituents as main collaborators in the process of evaluating health outcomes, but also integrate diverse sources of knowledge into the process. These sources include theories of human behavior, psychosocial therapy models, systems theory, the current evidence base of practices employed with clients, and community knowledge shared by clients and their families and communities. They incorporate evaluation in the treatment process for all client systems. They use evaluation to guide treatment decisions during interventions, determine achievement of defined goals and outcomes, and develop and improve programs for health populations and communities. They have knowledge of and can choose from among qualitative and quantitative, experimental and non-experimental, and clinical and community-based approaches as appropriate to evaluation goals. They are able to effectively communicate and present evaluation findings in support of improvements in practice and policy in health and community settings. With regard to the social work values that encompass this competency, practitioners in healthcare understand, critically evaluate, and actuate to promote the importance of human relationships, the dignity and worth of the person, integrity, service, and competence.

Practitioners in healthcare:

9.1 Design, plan and conduct evaluations in collaboration with clients and communities coping with health conditions to improve practice, programs and policies;

9.2 Engage clients in the evaluation process to ensure gathering data that is meaningful and respectful of clients’ views of health and wellbeing and their desired treatment outcomes;

9.3 Use evaluation outcomes to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of practice, programs, and policies for populations coping with health conditions.